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Page 2- Introduction
No doubt, you have gone to the lake or the ocean and seen waves created by a speedboat going by. By dropping some object in water, you create ripples or waves as well. If you were to measure the distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next, this would be called the "Wavelength".
Just as water often travels in waves, so LIGHT travels in waves as well. There are many amazing characteristics about LIGHT - one is that it needs no air or medium to travel in. Light travels through empty space throughout the Universe.
The waves that LIGHT travels in are incredible as well. Charts and diagrams below illustrate that light waves are everywhere from electricity at the long end of the spectrum (which we call Electromagnetic Waves) to the shortest wavelength, or Cosmic waves.
Other diagrams illustrate many other characteristics and properties of LIGHT, and why the world of light is so unique as we study this fascinating subject.
Red
33,000 per inch
Violet
65,000 per inch
Cosmic
2,000,000 per inch
Electricity
60,000 miles!
The Seven Orbits of Electrons
As we have seen, there are a maximum of seven orbits of electrons which orbit the nucleus of each atom. Depending on their atomic number, these orbits vary.
Notice in the atomic chart,(below) the first row (hydrogen and helium) contains one and two electrons correspondingly
The third atomic number begins the second orbit of electrons, from lithium (3) up to neon (10). This completes the second orbits, with a maximum of 8 electrons, or a total of 10.
The third row starts with sodium (11) through argon (18) finishing 8 electrons in this orbit, or a total of 18
The fourth row starts with potassium (19) through krypton (36). However this orbit can have a maximum of 18, making a total of 36.
The fifth row starts with rubidium (37) through xenon (54). This orbit has a maximum of 18 as well, totaling 54.
The sixth row starts with cesium (55) through radon (86. This orbit has a maximum of 32, totaling 86.
Finally, the seventh row starts with francium (87). This final orbit can contain a total of 32 as well. However the latest element discovered is Unnilennium with atomic number 109. The total number in the periodic table can only be as high as 118. At that point, the seven orbits will be at a maximum. There can never be any more that this. The atomic table will be complete.
THE ELEMENTS
Number Name Symbol Weight
1 Hydrogen H 1.0079
2 Helium He 4.00260
3 Lithium Li 6.941
4 Beryllium Be 9.01218
5 Boron B 10.81
6 Carbon C 12.011
7 Nitrogen N 14.0067
8 Oxygen O 15.9994
9 Fluorine F 18.998403
10 Neon Ne 20.179
11 Sodium Na 22.98977
12 Magnesium Mg 24.305
13 Aluminum Al 26.98154
14 Silicon Si 28.0855
15 Phosphorus P 30.97376
16 Sulfur S 32.06
17 Chlorine Cl 35.453
18 Argon Ar 39.948
19 Potassium K 39.0983
20 Calcium Ca 40.08
21 Scandium Sc 44.9559
22 Titanium Ti 47.90
23 Vanadium V 50.9414
24 Chromium Cr 51.996
25 Manganese Mn 54.9380
26 Iron Fe 55.847
27 Cobalt Co 58.9332
28 Nickel Ni 58.70
29 Copper Cu 63.546
30 Zinc Zn 65.38
31 Gallium Ga 69.72
32 Germanium Ge 72.59
33 Arsenic As 74.9216
34 Selenium Se 78.96
35 Bromine Br 79.904
36 Krypton Kr 83.80
37 Rubidium Rb 85.4678
38 Strontium Sr 87.62
39 Yttrium Y 88.9059
40 Zirconium Zr 91.22
41 Niobium Nb 92.9064
42 Molybdenum Mo 95.94
43 Technetium Tc (97)
44 Ruthenium Ru 101.07
45 Rhodium Rh 102.9055
46 Palladium Pd 106.4
47 Silver Ag 107.868
48 Cadmium Cd 112.41
49 Indium In 114.82
50 Tin Sn 118.69
51 Antimony Sb 121.75
52 Tellurium Te 127.60
53 Iodine I 126.9045
54 Xenon Xe 131.30
55 Cesium Cs 132.9054
56 Barium Ba 137.33
57 Lanthanum La 138.9055
58 Cerium Ce 140.12
59 Praseodymium Pr 140.9077
60 Neodymium Nd 144.24
61 Promethium Pm (145)
62 Samarium Sm 150.4
63 Europium Eu 151.96
64 Gadolinium Gd 157.25
65 Terbium Tb 158.9254
66 Dysprosium Dy 162.50
67 Holmium Ho 164.9304
68 Erbium Er 167.26
69 Thulium Tm 168.9342
70 Ytterbium Yb 173.04
71 Lutetium Lu 174.97
72 Hafnium Hf 178.49
73 Tantalum Ta 180.9479
74 Tungsten W 183.85
75 Rhenium Re 186.207
76 Osmium Os 190.2
77 Iridium Ir 192.22
78 Platinum Pt 195.09
79 Gold Au 196.9665
80 Mercury Hg 200.59
81 Thallium Tl 204.37
82 Lead Pb 207.2
83 Bismuth Bi 208.9804
84 Polonium Po (209)
85 Astatine At (210)
86 Radon Rn (222)
87 Francium Fr (223)
88 Radium Ra 226.0254
89 Actinium Ac 227.0278
90 Thorium Th 232.0381
91 Protactinium Pa 231.0359
92 Uranium U 238.029
93 Neptunium Np 237.0482
94 Plutonium Pu (244)
95 Americium Am (243)
96 Curium Cm (247)
97 Berkelium Bk (247)
98 Californium Cf (251)
99 Einsteinium Es (254)
100 Fermium Fm (257)
101 Mendelevium Md (258)
102 Nobelium No (259)
103 Lawrencium Lr (262)
104* Unnilquadium Unq (261)
105* Unnilpentium Unp (262)
106 Unnilhexium Unh (263)
107 Unnilseptium Uns (262)
108 Unniloctium Uno (265)
109 Unnilennium Une (266)
(*) These two elements' names have changed from the original chart.
Values in parentheses give the atomic mass number of the element per one million atoms in the universe, the solar atmosphere, and the Earth's crust, respectively. Other elements occur in trace amounts.
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